Революция разума: на подступах к Сингулярности. Как технологии изменят общество и сознание - Рэймонд Курцвейл Страница 107

страна демократической, отталкиваясь от конкретных факторов, таких как доля политически активного населения и наличие гражданских свобод. Однако эти данные доступны только начиная с 2006 года. Поскольку каждый из этих наборов данных собран на основании своей методики и они почти несопоставимы между собой даже на общем временном промежутке, было бы неправильно объединять их в один пакет. Мы приводим их по отдельности: информация от НМД демонстрирует долгосрочный тренд, а данные АЭР рисуют подробную картину демократизации мира в последние годы. Заметим, что падение общего уровня демократичности с 2015 года обусловлено в основном процессами, происходящими в Индии, которая с недавних пор стала считаться «электоральной автократией». См. “People Living in Democracies and Autocracies, World”, Our World in Data; “The V-Dem Dataset (v13)”, V-Dem; Herre, “Scripts and Datasets on Democracy”; Lührmann et al., “Regimes of the World (RoW): Opening New Avenues”; Laza Kekic, “The World in 2007: The Economist Intelligence Unit’s Index of Democracy”, Economist, November 15, 2006, 6, https://www.economist.com/media/pdf/DEMOCRACY_INDEX _2007_v3.pdf; The Economist Intelligence Unit’s Index of Democracy 2008 (London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 2008), 2, https://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy%20Index%202008.pdf; Democracy Index 2010: Democracy in Retreat (London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 2010), 1, https://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy_Index_2010_web.pdf; Democracy Index 2011: Democracy Under Stress (London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 2011), 2, https:// www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=DemocracyIndex2011; Democracy Index 2012: Democracy at a Standstill (London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 2012), 2, https://web.archive.org/web/20170320185156/http://pages.eiu.com/rs/eiu2/images/Democracy-Index-2012.pdf; Democracy Index 2013: Democracy in Limbo (London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 2013), 2, https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=Democracy0814; Democracy Index 2014: Democracy and Its Discontents (London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 2014), 2, https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=Democracy0115; Democracy Index 2015: Democracy in an Age of Anxiety (London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 2015), 1, https://web.archive.org/web/20160305143559/http://www.yabiladi.com/img/content/EIU-Democracy-Index-2015.pdf; Democracy Index 2016: Revenge of the “Deplorables”, (London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 2016), 2, https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=DemocracyIndex2016; Democracy Index 2017: Free Speech Under Attack (London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 2017), 2, https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=DemocracyIndex2017; Democracy Index 2018: Me Too? (London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 2018), 2, https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=democracy2018; Democracy Index 2019: A Year of Democratic Setbacks and Popular Protest (London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 2019), 3, https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=democracyindex2019; Democracy Index 2020: In Sickness and in Health? (London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 2020), 3, https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/democracy-index-2020.pdf; Democracy Index 2021: The China Challenge (London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 2020), 4, https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2021; Democracy Index 2022: Frontline Democracy and the Battle for Ukraine (London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 2020), 3, https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2022.

201. Все источники данных для оценки соотношения цена/производительность компьютеров, упомянутых в этой книге, приведены в приложении.

202. Все источники данных для оценки соотношения цена/производительность компьютеров, упомянутых в этой книге, приведены в приложении.

203. Joshua Ho and Andrei Frumusanu, “Understanding Qualcomm’s Snapdragon 810: Performance Review”, Anandtech, February 12, 2015, https://www.anandtech.com/show/8933/snapdragon-810-performance-preview/5. Все источники данных для оценки соотношения цена/производительность компьютеров, упомянутых в этой книге, приведены в приложении.

204. Все источники данных для оценки соотношения цена/производительность компьютеров, упомянутых в этой книге, приведены в приложении.

205. Paul E. Ceruzzi, A History of Modern Computing, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990), 73, https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_Modern_Computing/x1 YESXanrgQC; “Reference / FAQ / Products and Services”, IBM, April 28, 2023, https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/reference/faq_0000000011.html; “Consumer Price Index, 1913–”, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.

206. Kyle Wiggers, “Apple Unveils the A16 Bionic, Its Most Powerful Mobile Chip Yet”, TechCrunch, September 7, 2022, https://techcrunch.com/2022/09/07/apple-unveils-new-mobile-chips-including-the-a16-bionic; Nick Guy and Roderick Scott, “Which iPhone Should I Buy?”, New York Times, October 28, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/the-iphone-is-our-favorite-smartphone.

207. Gordon Moore, “Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits”, Electronics 38, no. 8 (April 19, 1965), https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2017/03/102770822-05-01-acc.pdf; “1965: ‘Moore’s Law’ Predicts the Future of Integrated Circuits”, Computer History Museum, accessed April 28, 2023, https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/moores-law-predicts-the-future-of-integrated-circuits; Fernando J. Corbató et al., The Compatible Time-Sharing System: A Programmer’s Guide (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990), http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/mit/ctss/CTSS_ProgrammersGuide.pdf.

208. Robert W. Keyes, “Physics of Digital Devices”, Reviews of Modern Physics 61, no. 2 (April 1, 1989): 279–98, https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.61.279.

209. “Wikipedia: Size Comparisons”, Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, Wikimedia Foundation, accessed April 28, 2023, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia: Size_comparisons# Wikipedia.

210. Подробнее о том, как производство различных товаров превращается в информационные технологии, мы поговорим в главе 6.

211. K. Eric Drexler, Radical Abundance: How a Revolution in Nanotechnology Will Change Civilization (New York: PublicAffairs, 2013), 168–72.

212. Подробнее об искусственном мясе и о том, какое влияние на окружающую среду оказывает мясное скотоводство: see “The Meat of the Future: How Lab-Grown Meat Is Made”, Eater, YouTube video, October 2, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u468xY1T8fw; “Inside the Quest to Make Lab Grown Meat”, Wired, YouTube video, February 16, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QO9SS1NS6MM; Mark Post, “Cultured Beef for Food-Security and the Environment: Mark Post at TEDxMaastricht”, TEDx Talks, YouTube video, May 11, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FITvEUSJ8TM; Julian Huguet, “This Breakthrough in Lab-Grown Meat Could Make It Look Like Real Flesh”, Seeker, YouTube video, November 14, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lUuDi_s_Zo; “How Close Are We to Affordable Lab-Grown Meat?”, PBS Terra, YouTube video, August 25, 2022, https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-weFARkGi4; “Can Lab-Grown Steak be the Future of Meat? | Big Business | Business Insider”, Insider Business, YouTube video, July 17, 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQejwvnog0M; Leah Douglas, “Lab-Grown Meat Moves Closer to American Dinner Plates”, Reuters, January 23, 2023, https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/lab-grown-meat-moves-closer-american-dinner-plates-2023-01-23; “Yearly Number of Animals Slaughtered for Meat, World, 1961 to 2020”, Our World in Data, accessed March 25, 2023, https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/animals-slaughtered-for-meat; “Global Meat Production, 1961 to 2020”, Our World in Data, accessed March 25, 2023, https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-meat-production; FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, accessed March 25, 2023, http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data; Xiaoming Xu et al., “Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Animal-Based Foods Are Twice Those of Plant-Based Foods”, Nature Food 2 (September 13, 2021): 724–32, https://www.fao.org/3/cb7033en /cb7033en.pdf.

213. “GLEAM v3.0 Dashboard – Emissions – Global Emissions from Livestock in 2015”, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, accessed March 29, 2023, https://foodandagricultureorganization.shinyapps.io/GLEAMV3_Public.

214. Подробнее о концепции метавселенной: John Herrman and Kellen Browning, “Are We in the Metaverse Yet?”, New York Times, July 10, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/10/style/metaverse-virtual-worlds.html; Rabindra Ratan and Yiming Lei, “The Metaverse: From Science Fiction to Virtual Reality”, Big Think, August 13, 2021, https://bigthink.com/the-future/metaverse.

215. Hannah Ritchie, “Half of the World’s Habitable Land Is Used for Agriculture”, Our World in Data, November 11, 2019, https://ourworldindata.org/global-land-for-agriculture; Erle C. Ellis et al., “Anthropogenic Transformation of the Biomes, 1700 to 2000, Global Ecology and Biogeography 19, no. 5 (September 2010): 589–606, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466–8238.2010.00540.x; “Food and Agriculture Data”, FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, accessed April 28, 2023, http://www.fao.org/faostat /en/#home.

216. Ritchie, “Half of the World’s Habitable Land Is Used for Agriculture”; Ellis et al., “Anthropogenic Transformation of the Biomes”; “Food and Agriculture Data”, FAOSTAT.