Революция разума: на подступах к Сингулярности. Как технологии изменят общество и сознание - Рэймонд Курцвейл Страница 108

218. Подробнее о том, как с помощью наноматериалов удается добиться повышенного КПД солнечных панелей: Maren Hunsberger, “Carbon Nanotubes Might Be the Secret Boost Solar Energy Has Been Looking For”, Seeker, YouTube video, September 16, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EwiDGxkD9_c; Matt Ferrell, “How Carbon Nanotubes Might Boost Solar Energy – Explained”, Undecided with Matt Ferrell, YouTube video, July 7, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnZpaunXhGc; David Grossman, “Carbon Nanotubes Could Increase Solar Efficiency to 80 Percent”, Popular Mechanics, July 25, 2019, https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/green-tech/a28506867/carbon-nanotubes-solar-efficiency; Nasim Tavakoli and Esther Alarcon-Llado, “Combining 1D and 2D Waveguiding in an Ultrathin GaAs NW/Si Tandem Solar Cell”, Optics Express 27, no. 12 (June 10, 2019): A909–A923, https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.00A909.

219. Mark Hutchins, “A Quantum Dot Solar Cell with 16.6 % Efficiency”, PV Magazine, February 19, 2020, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2020/02/19/a-quantum-dot-solar-cell-with-16-6-efficiency; C. Jackson Stolle, Taylor B. Harvey, and Brian A. Korgel, “Nanocrystal Photovoltaics: A Review of Recent Progress”, Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering 2, no. 2 (May 2013): 160–67, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2013.03.001.

220. Qiulin Tan et al., “Nano-Fabrication Methods and Novel Applications of Black Silicon”, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 295 (August 15, 2019): 560–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2019.04.044.

221. Stephen Y. Chou and Wei Ding, “Ultrathin, High-Efficiency, Broad-Band, Omni-Acceptance, Organic Solar Cells Enhanced by Plasmonic Cavity with Subwavelength Hole Array”, Optics Express 21, no. S1 (January 14, 2013): A60–A76, https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.000A60.

222. David L. Chandler, “Solar Power Heads in a New Direction: Thinner”, MIT News, June 26, 2013, http://news.mit.edu/2013/thinner-solar-panels-0626; Marco Bernardi, Maurizia Palummo, and Jeffrey C. Grossman, “Extraordinary Sunlight Absorption and One Nanometer Thick Photovoltaics Using Two-Dimensional Monolayer Materials”, Nano Letters 13, no. 8 (June 10, 2013): 3664–70, https://doi.org/10.1021/nl401544y.

223. Andy Extance, “The Dawn of Solar Windows”, IEEE Spectrum, January 24, 2018, https://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/renewables/the-dawn-of-solar-windows; Glenn McDonald, “This Liquid Coating Turns Windows Into Solar Panels”, Seeker, September 1, 2017, https://www.seeker.com/earth/energy/clear-liquid-coating-turns-windows-into-solar-panels.

224. “Renewable Energy Generation, World”, Our World in Data; BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2022, 45, 51; “World Electricity Generation by Fuel, 1971–2017”, International Energy Agency.

225. “Renewable Energy Generation, World”, Our World in Data; BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2022, 45, 51; “World Electricity Generation by Fuel, 1971–2017”, International Energy Agency.

226. “Renewable Energy Generation, World”, Our World in Data; BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2022, 45, 51; “World Electricity Generation by Fuel, 1971–2017”, International Energy Agency.

227. “Lazard ’s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis – Version 15.0”, Lazard, October 2021, 9, https://www.lazard.com/media/sptlfats/lazards-levelized-cost-of-energy-version-150-vf.pdf; Mark Bolinger et al., “Levelized Cost-Based Learning Analysis of Utilityscale Wind and Solar in the United States”, iScience 25, no. 6 (May 2022): 4, https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.isci.2022.104378; Jeffrey Logan et al., Electricity Generation Baseline Report (technical report NREL/TP-6A20-67645, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, January 2017), 6, https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/67645.pdf; “Lazard’s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis – Version 11.0”, Lazard, 2017, 2, 10, https://www.lazard.com/media/450337/laz ard-levelized-cost-of-energy-version-110.pdf; Center for Sustainable Systems, “Wind Energy Factsheet” (pub. no. CSS07-09, University of Michigan, August 2019), http://css.umich.edu/sites/default/files/Wind%20Energy_CSS07-09_e2019.pdf; “Renewable Energy Generation, World”, Our World in Data; BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2022, 45, 51; “World Electricity Generation by Fuel, 1971–2017”, International Energy Agency.

228. Alexis De Vos, “Detailed Balance Limit of the Efficiency of Tandem Solar Cells”, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 13, no. 5 (1980): 845, https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/13/5 /018; “Best Research-Cell Efficiency Chart”, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, accessed April 28, 2023, https://www.nrel.gov/pv/cell-efficiency.html.

229. Marcelo De Lellis, “The Betz Limit Applied to Airborne Wind Energy”, Renewable Energy 127 (November 2018): 32–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.04.034.

230. Ritchie and Roser, “Renewable Energy – Renewable Energy Generation, World”; Ritchie and Roser, “Renewable Energy – Solar Power Generation”; “World Electricity Generation by Fuel, 1971–2017”, International Energy Agency; BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2022, 45, 51; BP, “Statistical Review of World Energy – All Data, 1965–2021”; “Share of Low-Carbon Sources and Coal in World Electricity Generation, 1971–2021”, International Energy Agency.

231. Science on a Sphere, “Energy on a Sphere”, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, последняя проверка доступности 30 мая 2021 года, http://web.archive.org/web/20210530160109/https://sos.noaa.gov/datasets/energy-on-a-sphere.

232. Jeff Tsao, Nate Lewis, and George Crabtree, “Solar FAQs” (working draft, US Department of Energy, April 20, 2006), 9–12, https://web.archive.org/web/20200424084337/https://www.sandia.gov/~jytsao/Solar%20FAQs.pdf.

233. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2022, 8.

234. Ritchie and Roser, “Renewable Energy – Renewable Energy Generation, World”; Ritchie and Roser, “Renewable Energy – Solar Power Generation”; “World Electricity Generation by Fuel, 1971–2017”, International Energy Agency; BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2022, 45, 51; BP, “Statistical Review of World Energy – All Data, 1965–2021”; “Share of Low-Carbon Sources and Coal in World Electricity Generation, 1971–2021”, International Energy Agency.

235. Will de Freitas, “Could the Sahara Turn Africa into a Solar Superpower?”, World Economic Forum, January 17, 2020, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/01/solar-panels-sahara-desert-renewable-energy.

236. Общий обзор современных технологий аккумулирования энергии: “Fact Sheet | Energy Storage (2019)”, Environmental and Energy Study Institute, February 22, 2019, https://www.eesi.org/papers/view/energy-storage-2019.

237. Andy Colthorpe, “Behind the Numbers: The Rapidly Falling LCOE of Battery Storage”, Energy Storage News, May 6, 2020, https://www.energy-storage.news/behind-the-numbers-the-rapidly-falling-lcoe-of-battery-storage; “Levelized Costs of New Generation Resources in the Annual Energy Outlook 2022”, US Energy Information Administration, March 2022, https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/pdf/electricity_generation.pdf.

238. Подробнее о быстром росте емкостей аккумуляторов на рынке США: “Battery Storage in the United States: An Update on Market Trends”, US Energy Information Administration, August 16, 2021, https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/electricity/batterystorage; Energy Storage Grand Challenge: Energy Storage Market Report, US Department of Energy technical report DOE/GO-102020-5497 (December 2020), https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2020/12/f81/Energy%20Storage%20Market%20Report%202020_0.pdf.

239. “Lazard ’s Levelized Cost of Storage Analysis – Version 7.0”, Lazard, 2021, 6, https://web.archive.org/web/20220729095608/https://www.lazard.com/media/451882/lazards-levelized-cost-of-storage-version-70-vf.pdf; “Lazard’s Levelized Cost of Storage Analysis – Version 6.0”, Lazard, 2020, 6, https://web.archive.org/web/20221006123556/https://www.lazard.com/media/451566/lazards-levelized-cost-of-storage-version-60-vf2.pdf; “Lazard’s Levelized Cost of Storage Analysis – Version 5.0”, Lazard, 2019, 4, https://web.archive.org/web/20221104121921/https://www.lazard.com/media/451087/lazards-levelized-cost-of-storage-version-50-vf.pdf; “Lazard’s Levelized Cost of Storage Analysis – Version 4.0”, Lazard, 2018, 11, https://www.lazard.com/media/sckbar5m/lazards-levelized-cost-of-storage-version-40-vfinal.pdf; “Lazard’s Levelized Cost of Storage Analysis – Version 3.0”, Lazard, 2017, 12, https://www.scribd.com/document/413797533/Lazard-Levelized-Cost-of-Storage-Version-30; “Lazard’s Levelized Cost of Storage Analysis – Version 2.0”, Lazard, 2016, 11, https://web.archive.org/web/20221104121905/https://www.lazard.com/media/438042/lazard-levelized-cost-of-storage-v20.pdf; “Lazard’s Levelized Cost of Storage Analysis – Version 1.0”, Lazard, 2015, 9, https://web.archive.org/web/20221105052132/https://www.lazard.com/media/2391/lazards-levelized-cost-of-storage-analysis-10.pdf; “Consumer Price Index, 1913–”, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis; US Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers”.

240. US Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Annual 2021 (Washington, DC: US Department of Energy, November 2022), 64, https://web.archive.org/web/20230201194905/http://www.eia.gov/electricity/annual/pdf/epa.pdf; US Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Annual 2020 (Washington, DC: US Department of Energy, October 2021), 64, https://web.archive.org/web/20220301172156/http://www.eia.gov/electricity /annual/pdf/epa.pdf.

241.