Революция разума: на подступах к Сингулярности. Как технологии изменят общество и сознание - Рэймонд Курцвейл Страница 106

179. Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser, “Renewable Energy – Renewable Energy Generation, World”, Our World in Data, accessed April 28, 2023, https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/modern-renewable-energy-consumption?country=~OWID_WRL; Ritchie and Roser, “Renewable Energy – Solar Power Generation”; “World Electricity Generation by Fuel, 1971–2017”, International Energy Agency, November 26, 2019, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/world-electricity-generation-by-fuel-1971-2017; BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2022, 45, 51; BP, “Statistical Review of World Energy – All Data, 1965–2021”; “Share of Low-Carbon Sources and Coal in World Electricity Generation, 1971–2021”, International Energy Agency, April 19, 2021, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics /charts/share-of-low-carbon-sources-and-coal-in-world-electricity-generation-1971-2021.

180. Ryan Wiser et al., “Land-Based Wind Market Report: 2022 Edition”, US Department of Energy, August 2022, 50, https://doi.org/10.2172/1882594; “Consumer Price Index, 1913–”, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis; US Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers”.

181. Our World in Data, “Wind Power Generation”, Our World in Data, accessed March 25, 2023, https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/wind-generation?tab=chart; BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2022; “Yearly Electricity Data”, Ember, March 28, 2023, https://ember-climate.org/data-catalogue/yearly-electricity-data; Charles Moore, “European Electricity Review 2022”, Ember, February 1, 2022, https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/european-electricity-review-2022.

182. “Renewable Energy Generation, World”, Our World in Data; BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2022.

183. “Renewable Energy Generation, World”, Our World in Data; BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2022, 45, 51; “World Electricity Generation by Fuel, 1971–2017”, International Energy Agency.

184. Подробнее о Великой хартии вольностей и ее роли в истории Америки: “800 Years of Magna Carta”, British Library, YouTube video, March 10, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQ7vUkbtlQA; Nicholas Vincent, “Consequences of Magna Carta”, British Library, March 13, 2015, https://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/articles/con sequences-of-magna-carta; Dave Roos, “How Did Magna Carta Influence the U.S. Constitution?”, History.com, September 30, 2019, https://www.history.com/news/magna-carta-influence-us-constitution-bill-of-rights.

185. Подробнее об изобретении печатного станка Гутенберга и его влиянии на европейскую цивилизацию: Dave Roos, “7 Ways the Printing Press Changed the World”, History.com, September 3, 2019, https://www.history.com/news/printing-press-renaissance; Jeremiah Dittmar, “Information Technology and Economic Change: The Impact of the Printing Press”, VoxEU, February 11, 2011, https://voxeu.org/article/information-technology-and-economic-change-impact-printing-press; Patrick McGrady, “The Medieval Invention That Changed the Course of History: The Machine That Made Us”, Timeline – World History Documentaries, YouTube video, August 25, 2018, https://www.youtube.com /watch?v=uQ88yC35NjI; Jeremiah Dittmar and Skipper Seabold, “Gutenberg’s Moving Type Propelled Europe Towards the Scientific Revolution”, LSE Business Review, March 19, 2019, https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/businessreview/2019/03/19/gutenbergs-moving-type-propelled-europe-towards-the-scientific-revolution.

186. Отличный обзор того, как был основан и развивался английский парламент: Gwilym Dodd, “The Birth of Parliament”, BBC, February 17, 2011, https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/birth_of_parliament_01.shtml.

187. Ряд источников по гражданской войне в Англии и английском Билле о правах 1689 года: John Green, “English Civil War: Crash Course European History #14”, CrashCourse, YouTube video, August 6, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dyk3bI_Y68Y; Avalon Project at Yale Law School, “English Bill of Rights 1689”, Lillian Goldman Law Library, accessed April 28, 2023, https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/england.asp; Geoffrey Lock, “The 1689 Bill of Rights”, Political Studies 37, no. 4 (December 1, 1989), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467–9248.1989.tb00288.x; Peter Ackroyd, Civil War: The History of England, vol. 3 (New York: St. Martin’s, 2014).

188. Neil Johnston, “The History of the Parliamentary Franchise” (research paper 13/14, UK House of Commons Library, March 1, 2013), http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk /documents/RP13-14/RP13-14.pdf; Roser and Ortiz-Ospina, “Literacy”; Pamuk and van Zanden, “Standards of Living”, 229.

189. Dalibor Rohac, “Mechanism Design in the Venetian Republic”, Cato Institute, July 17, 2013, https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/mechanism-design-venetian-republic; Thomas F. Madden, Venice: A New History (New York: Penguin, 2012).

190. Anna Grześkowiak-Krwawicz, Queen Liberty: The Concept of Freedom in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2012).

191. Steve Umhoefer, “Mark Pocan Says Less than 25 Percent of Population Could Vote When Constitution Was Written”, Politifact, April 16, 2015, https://www.politifact.com/fact checks/2015/apr/16/mark-pocan/mark-pocan-says-less-25-percent-population-could-v.

192. Информация о борьбе за избирательные права в Америке, краткая и более подробная: “Who Voted in Early America?”, Constitutional Rights Foundation, accessed April 28, 2023, https://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-8-1-b-who-voted-in-early-america #.UW36ebWsiSo; Donald Ratcliffe, “The Right to Vote and the Rise of Democracy, 1787–1828”, Journal of the Early Republic 33, no. 2 (Summer 2013): 219–54, https://www.jstor.org/stable/24768843.

193. Подробнее о либеральных движениях, которые расцветали и терпели неудачу в Европе в середине XIX века: John Green, “Revolutions of 1848: Crash Course European History #26”, CrashCourse, YouTube video, November 19, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cXTaP1BD1YY; “Alexander II – History of Russia in 100 Minutes (Part 17 of 36)”, Smart History of Russia, YouTube video, July 21, 2017, https://www.youtube.com /watch?v=cqGBRn7oBEg; “Alexander III – History of Russia in 100 Minutes (Part 18 of 36)”, Smart History of Russia, YouTube video, July 21, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XGCzmjwfSSs; Mike Rapport, 1848: Year of Revolution (New York: Basic Books, 2009); Paul Bushkovitch, A Concise History of Russia (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011).

194. “People Living in Democracies and Autocracies, World”, Our World in Data, accessed March 29, 2023, https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/people-living-in-democracies-autoc racies?country=~OWID_WRL; “The V-Dem Dataset (v13)”, V-Dem (Varieties of Democracy), accessed March 25, 2023, https://v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset; Bastian Herre, “Scripts and Datasets on Democracy”, GitHub, accessed March 25, 2023, https://github.com/owid/notebooks/tree/main/BastianHerre/democracy; Anna Lührmann et al., “Regimes of the World (RoW): Opening New Avenues for the Comparative Study of Political Regimes”, Politics and Governance 6, no. 1 (March 19, 2018): 60–77, https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v6i1.1214.

195. “People Living in Democracies and Autocracies, World”, Our World in Data; “The V-Dem Dataset (v13)”, V-Dem; Lührmann et al., “Regimes of the World (RoW): Opening New Avenues”.

196. “People Living in Democracies and Autocracies, World”, Our World in Data; “The V-Dem Dataset (v13)”, V-Dem; Herre, “Scripts and Datasets on Democracy”; Lührmann et al., “Regimes of the World (RoW): Opening New Avenues”.

197. “People Living in Democracies and Autocracies, World”, Our World in Data; “The V-Dem Dataset (v13)”, V-Dem; Herre, “Scripts and Datasets on Democracy”; Lührmann et al., “Regimes of the World (RoW): Opening New Avenues”.

198. “People Living in Democracies and Autocracies, World”, Our World in Data; “The V-Dem Dataset (v13)”, V-Dem; Herre, “Scripts and Datasets on Democracy”; Lührmann et al., “Regimes of the World (RoW): Opening New Avenues”.

199. Bradley Honigberg, “The Existential Threat of AI-Enhanced Disinformation Operations”, Just Security, July 8, 2022, https://www.justsecurity.org/82246/the-existential-threat-of-ai-enhanced-disinformation-operations; Tiffany Hsu and Stuart A. Thompson, “Disinformation Researchers Raise Alarms About A.I. Chatbots”, New York Times, February 13, 2023, https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/08/technology/ai-chatbots-disinformation.html.

200. Этот график построен на данных из двух источников. Сведения от «Нашего мира в данных» покрывают очень большой период, с 1800-го по 2022-й. Они касаются преимущественно уровня авторитаризма в обществе, который оценивается порой весьма приблизительно, особенно в период до Второй мировой войны. В то же время Агентство экономической разведки устанавливает, является ли