Революция разума: на подступах к Сингулярности. Как технологии изменят общество и сознание - Рэймонд Курцвейл Страница 118

4. Jean-Louis Reymond and Mahendra Awale, “Exploring Chemical Space for Drug Discovery Using the Chemical Universe Database”, ACS Chemical Neuroscience 3, no. 9 (April 25, 2012): 649–57, https://doi.org/10.1021/cn3000422.

5. Chi Heem Wong, Kien Wei Siah, and Andrew W. Lo, “Estimation of Clinical Trial Success Rates and Related Parameters”, Biostatistics 20, no. 2 (January 31, 2018): 273–86, https://doi.org/10.1093/biostatistics/kxx069.

6. “The Drug Development Process: Step 3: Clinical Resarch”, US Food and Drug Administration, последняя проверка доступности 20 октября 2022 года, https://www.fda.gov/patients/drug-development-process /step-3-clinical-research; Stuart A. Thompson, “How Long Will a Vaccine Really Take?”, New York Times, April 30, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/30/opinion/coronavirus-covid-vaccine.html; Institute of Medicine Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and Translation, “The State of Clinical Research in the United States: An Overview”, in Transforming Clinical Research in the United States (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2010), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK50886; Thomas J. Moore et al., “Estimated Costs of Pivotal Trials for Novel Therapeutic Agents Approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, 2015–2016”, JAMA Internal Medicine 178, no. 11 (November 2018): 1451–57, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.3931; Olivier J. Wouters, Martin McKee, Jeroen Luyten, “Estimated Research and Development Investment Needed to Bring a New Medicine to Market, 2009–2018”, Journal of the American Medical Association 323, no. 9 (March 3, 2020): 844–53, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1166; Biopharmaceutical Research & Development: The Process Behind New Medicines, PHRMA, accessed October 20, 2022, https://web.archive.org/web/20230306041340 /http://phrma-docs.phrma.org/sites/default/files/pdf/rd_brochure_022307.pdf.

7. David Sparkes and Rhett Burnie, “AI Invents More Effective Flu Vaccine in World First, Adelaide Researchers Say”, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, July 2, 2019, https:// www.abc.net.au/news/2019-07-02/computer-invents-flu-vaccine-in-world-first/11271170; Andrew Tarantola, “How AI Is Stopping the Next Great Flu Before It Starts”, Engadget, February 14, 2020, https://www.engadget.com/2020/02/14/how-ai-is-helping-halt-the-flu-of-the-future.

8. Tarantola, “How AI is Stopping the Next Great Flu Before It Starts”.

9. Ian Sample, “Powerful Antibiotic Discovered Using Machine Learning for First Time”, Guardian, February 20, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/feb/20/antibiotic-that-kills-drug-resistant-bacteria-discovered-through-ai.

10. Sample, “Powerful Antibiotic Discovered Using Machine Learning for First Time”.

11. “Moderna ’s Work on a Potential Vaccine Against COVID-19 ”, Moderna, 2020, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1682852/000119312520074867/d884510dex991.htm.

12. Более подробно о том, как Moderna использовала ИИ при разработке вакцин: “AI and the COVID-19 Vaccine: Moderna’s Dave Johnson”, Me, Myself, and AI podcast, ep. 209 (July 13, 2021), https://sloanreview.mit.edu/audio/ai-and-the-covid-19-vaccine-modernas-dave-johnson; “Moderna on AWS”, Amazon Web Services, accessed October 20, 2022, https://aws.amazon.com/solutions/case-studies/innovators/moderna; Bryce Elder, “Will Big Tobacco Save Us from the Coronavirus?”, Financial Times, April 1, 2020, https://www.ft.com/content/f909fb16-f514-47da-97dc-c03e752dd2e1.

13. Gary Polakovic, “Artificial Intelligence Aims to Outsmart the Mutating Coronavirus”, USC News, February 5, 2021, https://news.usc.edu/181226/artificial-intelligence-ai-corona virus-vaccines-mutations-usc-research; Zikun Yang et al., “An In Silico Deep Learning Approach to Multi-Epitope Vaccine Design: A SARS-CoV-2 Case Study”, Scientific Reports 11, article 3238 (February 5, 2021), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81749-9.

14. Подробнее о задаче определения структуры белка, в том числе видеоролики с полезными визуализациями: “The Protein Folding Revolution”, Science Magazine, YouTube video, July 21, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cAJQbSLlonI; “Protein Structure”, Professor Dave Explains, YouTube video, August 27, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= EweuU2fEgjw; Ken Dill, “The Protein Folding Problem: A Major Conundrum of Science: Ken Dill at TEDxSBU”, TEDx Talks, YouTube video, October 22, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zm-3kovWpNQ; Ken A. Dill et al., “The Protein Folding Problem”, Annual Review of Biophysics 37 (June 9, 2008): 289–316, https://doi.org/10.1146/an nurev.biophys.37.092707.153558; Andrew W. Senior et al., “Improved Protein Structure Prediction Using Potentials from Deep Learning”, Nature 577, no. 7792 (January 15, 2020), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1923-7.

15. Подробнее о том, как система AlphaFold добилась больших успехов в задаче определения структуры белков: Andrew W. Senior et al., “AlphaFold: Using AI for Scientific Discovery”, DeepMind, January 15, 2020, https://deepmind.com/blog/article/AlphaFold-Using-AI-for-scientific-discovery; Andrew Senior, “AlphaFold: Improved Protein Structure Prediction Using Potentials from Deep Learning”, Institute for Protein Design, YouTube video, August 23, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQ1uVbrIv-Q; Greg Williams, “Inside DeepMind’s Epic Mission to Solve Science’s Trickiest Problem”, Wired, August 6, 2019, https://www.wired.co.uk/article/deepmind-protein-folding; Senior et al., “Improved Protein Structure Prediction Using Potentials from Deep Learning”, 706–10.

16. Ian Sample, “Google ’s DeepMind Predicts 3D Shapes of Proteins”, Guardian, December 2, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/dec/02/google-deepminds-ai-program-alphafold-predicts-3d-shapes-of-proteins; Matt Reynolds, “DeepMind’s AI Is Getting Closer to Its First Big Real-World Application”, Wired, January 15, 2020, https://www.wired.co.uk/article/deepmind-protein-folding-alphafold.

17. Подробные объяснения работы AlphaFold 2 и оригинальная научная статья об этой системе: “AlphaFold: The Making of a Scientific Breakthrough”, DeepMind, YouTube video, November 30, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gg7WjuFs8F4; “DeepMind Solves Protein Folding | AlphaFold 2”, Lex Fridman, YouTube video, December 2, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W7wJDJ56c88; Ewen Callaway, “‘It Will Change Everything’: DeepMind’s AI Makes Gigantic Leap in Solving Protein Structures”, Nature 588, no. 7837 (November 30, 2020): 203–4, https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-03348-4; Demis Hassabis, “Putting the Power of AlphaFold into the World’s Hands”, DeepMind, July 22, 2022, https://deepmind.com/blog/article/putting-the-power-of-alphafold-into-the-worlds-hands; John Jumper et al., “Highly Accurate Protein Structure Prediction with AlphaFold”, Nature 596, no. 7873 (July 15, 2021): 583–89, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03819-2.

18. Mohammed AlQuraishi, “Protein-Structure Prediction Revolutionized”, Nature 596, no. 7873 (August 23, 2021): 487–88, https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02265-4.

19. Hassabis, “Putting the Power of AlphaFold into the World’s Hands”; Jumper et al., “Highly Accurate Protein Structure Prediction with AlphaFold”.

20. Сравнительно простые для восприятия рассказы об этих методах: National Cancer Institute, “CAR T Cells: Engineering Patients’ Immune Cells to Treat Their Cancers”, National Institutes of Health, March 10, 2022, https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/research/car-t-cells; “BiTE: The Engager”, Amgen, 2022, https://www.amgenoncology.com/resources/BiTE-the-Engager.pdf; “Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Cancer Treatment”, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, последняя проверка доступности 20 октября 2022 года, https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/diagnosis-treatment/cancer-treatments/immunotherapy/checkpoint-inhibitors.

21. Robert C. Sterner and Rosalie M. Sterner, “CAR-T Cell Therapy: Current Limitations and Potential Strategies”, Blood Cancer Journal 11, article 69 (April 6, 2021), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41408-021-00459-7.

22. Описание гипотетических механизмов нейродегенеративных заболеваний: “Alzheimer’s Disease”, Mayo Clinic, February 19, 2022, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350447; “Parkinson’s Disease”, Mayo Clinic, July 8, 2022, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parkinsons-dis ease/symptoms-causes/syc-20376055.

23. “About Mental Health”, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, June 28, 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/learn/index.htm.

24. Подробнее о недостатках популярных психиатрических лекарств: Melinda Wenner Moyer, “How Much Do Antidepressants Help, Really?”, New York Times, April 21, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/21/well/antidepressants-ssri-effectiveness.html; Harvard Health Publishing, “What Are the Real Risks of Antidepressants?”, Harvard Medical School, August 17, 2021, https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/what-are-the-real-risks-of-antidepressants; Krishna C. Vadodaria et al., “Altered Serotonergic Circuitry in SSRI-Resistant Major Depressive Disorder Patient-Derived Neurons”, Molecular Psychiatry 24 (March 22, 2019): 808–18, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0377-5.

25. Подробнее о внедрении моделирования in silico в сферу здравоохранения: Fleming, “How Artificial Intelligence Is Changing Drug Discovery”; Madhumita Murgia, “AI-Designed Drug to Enter Human Clinical Trial for First Time”, Financial Times, January 30, 2020, https://www.ft.com/content/fe55190e-42bf-11ea-a43a-c4b328d 9061c; Osman N. Yogurtcu et al., “TCPro Simulates Immune System Response to Biotherapeutic Drugs”, US Food and Drug